This document is a supplement to the XLINK Release Notes, xlink.htm, and contains recent changes to the XLINK manual. Each section or sub-section is marked with the XLINK version of its most recent change. No attempt is made to represent a history of changes in this file. It documents only the current state of affairs.
If you are using XLINK in the Embedded Workbench integrated development environment, you may need a newer version of the Embedded Workbench for the relevant target in order to take full advantage of recently added features.
Example:
-Fieee695-ie -ygbr,1This will output an IEEE-695 file using the format variant "-ygbr" and an INTEL-EXTENDED file using the format variant "-y1" (or "-Y1").
In conjunction with this several new output formats have been added to XLINK:
-Fubrof5 Output UBROF 5 even if any input was UBROF 6 -Fubrof6 Output UBROF 6 even if no input was UBROF 6 -Fubrof7 Output UBROF 7 even if no input was UBROF 7 -Fubrof8 Output UBROF 8 even if no input was UBROF 8 -Fubrof Output UBROF (a synonym for -Fdebug)If you are using a debugger/emulator that reads UBROF and the output file cannot be loaded, a new format version could be the cause. In that case try using one of the -FubrofX variants or contact the supplier of your debugger/emulator. Also be sure to check the compiler release notes for any pertinent information on this issue.
The output format msp430_txt is a simple output format used in Texas Instruments Starter Kits.
XLINK supports a number of format variant modifiers that govern particular subtleties in the IEEE-695 output format through the use of the -y command line option. Combinations of format variant modifiers can be used by specifying more than one flag character in a single -y command line option. For example, -ygl makes XLINK output global types both globally and in each module.
The available format variant modifiers for IEEE-695 are:
-yg Output global types globally
-yl Output global types in each module
-yb Treat bit sections as byte sections
-ym Adjust output for Mitsubishi PDB30 debugger
-ye No block-local constants
-yv Handle variable life times
-ys Output stack adjust records
-ya Output module locals in BB10 block
-yr Last return refers to end of function
-yd No #define constants
Recommended settings for some combinations of cpus and debuggers are:
6812 Noral debugger -ygvs 68HC16 Microtek debugger -ylb? 740 Mitsubishi PD38 -ylbma 7700 HP RTC debugger -ygbr 7700 Mitsubishi PD77 -ylbm H8300 HP RTC debugger -ygbr H8300H HP RTC debugger -ygbr H8S HP RTC debugger -ygbr M16C HP RTC debugger -ygbr M16C Mitsubishi PD30/PDB30/KDB30 -ylbm T900 Toshiba RTE900 m25 -ygbe T900 Toshiba RTE900 m15 -ygbed
XLINK supports a number of format variant modifiers that govern particular subtleties in the xcoff78k output format through the use of the -y command line option. Combinations of format variant modifiers can be used by specifying more than one flag character in a single -y command line option. For example, -ysp makes XLINK truncate symbols to 31 characters and strip source file paths.
The available format variant modifiers for xcoff78k are:
-ys Truncate symbols to 31 characters
-yp Strip source file paths
-ye Include module enums
-yl Hobble line number info
-yn Sort line numbers in ascending order
-Jsize,algo{,flags{,sym{,seg{,align}}}}{=ranges{;ranges...}} size Size of checksum: 1, 2, or 4 bytes algo Algorithm: sum, crc16, crc32, or crc=poly flags Complement: 1 or 2, Mirroring: m sym Checksum symbol seg Put checksum in segment seg align Use alignment align for checksum ranges Calculate checksum from bytes in ranges
Each command line option specifies one checksum, which will be calculated from any bytes that occur in the given ranges. No bytes from the checksum itself, or from any checksums specified after it are incl uded in the calculation. The bytes are processed in order of increasing addresses.
If no symbol is specified, the name "__checksum" is used. In this case the symbol is also included in the final program. If a symbol name is explicitly specified, that particular checksum is only included in the final program if it is referenced by any included parts of the program, or if the -g (require global entries) command line option is used for the symbol.
If no segment name is specified, the name "CHECKSUM" is used.
If no alignment is specified, an alignment of 1 is used.
If no ranges are specified, all bytes in the final program are included in the calculation.
The value of each checksum, and which bytes in what order were included in the calculation, is listed in the linker list file.
Examples:
-J2,crc16Calculate a checksum using the CRC16 algorithm, create a segment part of size 2 in the CHECKSUM segment, defining the symbol __checksum. All available bytes in the program are included in the calculation.
-J2,crc16,2m,lowsum=(CODE)0-FFCalculate a checksum that is the same value as above, except that it is the mirrored 2's complement of the result of the calculation. Create a segment part of size 2 in the CHECKSUM segment, defining the symbol lowsum. Only include bytes that fall into the range 0-FF in the CODE address space.
-J2,crc16,,highsum,CHECKSUM2,2=(CODE)F000-FFFF;(DATA)FF00-FFFFCalculate a checksum of all bytes that fall in either of the ranges given. Place it into a segment part of size 2 with alignment 2 in the CHECKSUM2 segment, defining the symbol highsum.
The command line option "-H" can be used to generate filler bytes:
-HhexstringFill all linker-introduced gaps between segment parts with the repeated hexstring. The linker can introduce gaps because of alignment restrictions, or to fill ranges given in segment placement options. The normal behavior, when no -H option is given, is that these gaps are not given a value in the output file.
The ranges that are filled are all the ranges into which segments with any content (code or constant data bytes) are placed. For a more explicit way to specify which ranges are filled, see the explanation of -h below.
Example:
-HBEEFFill all the gaps with the value 0xbeef. Even bytes will get the value 0xbe, and odd bytes will get the value 0xef.
The command line option "-J" can be used to generate a checksum in the linker image:
-Jsize,algorithm[,flags]Checksum all generated raw data bytes.
size can be one of: 1 One byte of checksum 2 Two bytes of checksum 4 Four bytes of checksum algorithm can be one of: sum Simple arithmetic sum crc16 CRC16 (generating polynomial 0x11021) crc32 CRC32 (generating polynomial 0x4C11DB7) crc=n CRC with a generating polynomial of n flags can be a combination of: 1 One's complement 2 Two's complement m Mirror bytesIn all cases it is the least significant 1, 2 or 4 bytes of the result that will be output, in the natural byte order for the processor. The CRC checksum is calculated as if the following code was called for each bit in the input, most significant bit of each byte first, augmented with size (1, 2 or 4) bytes of zeros, starting with a crc of 0:
unsigned long crc(int bit, unsigned long oldcrc) { unsigned long newcrc = (oldcrc << 1) ^ bit; if (oldcrc & 0x80000000) newcrc ^= POLY; return newcrc; }POLY is the generating polynomial. The checksum is the result of the final call to this routine. If the mirror flag is given, the checksum is calculated with each byte bit-reversed, that is least-significant bit first, and then the result is also bit-reversed. If the 1 or 2 flag is given, the checksum is the one's or two's complement, respectively, of the result.
Note that the above routine is not a very time efficient way to calculate the checksum. See any text on crc calculation for faster ways. For checksums of size 2 or 1, the needed precision in the calculations will also be correspondingly lower. Also note that the checksum is calculated over the bytes in the input plus a number of zero bytes equal to the checksum size.
The linker will place the checksum byte(s) at the label __checksum in the segment CHECKSUM. This segment must be placed using the segment placement options like any other segment.
Example:
-J4,crc32,1Calculate a 4 byte checksum using the generating polynomial 0x4C11DB7 and output the one's complement of the calculated value.
The command line option -h can be used to specify the ranges to fill. Normally, all ranges given in segment placement commands (-Z -P) into which any actual content (code or constant data) is placed are filled. For example:
-Z(CODE)INTVEC=0-FF -Z(CODE)RCODE,CODE,CDATA0=0-7FFF,F800-FFFF -Z(DATA)IDATA0,UDATA0=8000-8FFFIf INTVEC contains anything the range 0-FF will be filled. If RCODE, CODE or CDATA0 contains anything the ranges 0-7FFF and F800-FFFF will be filled. IDATA0 and UDATA0 are normally only place holders for variables, which means that the range 8000-8FFF will not be filled.
The command line option -h can be used to explicitly specify which ranges to fill. Its syntax is:
-h[(That is, it can have an optional segment type (which can be used to specify address space for architectures with multiple address spaces) and one or more address ranges. For example:)]{ }+
-h(CODE)0-FFFFor, equivalently, as segment type CODE is the default,
-h0-FFFFThis will cause the range 0-FFFF to be filled, regardless of what ranges are specified in segment placement commands. Under many circumstances the use of -h will not be needed.
-h can be specified more than once, in order to specify fill ranges for more than one address space.
-h does not currently restrict the ranges used for checksum calculation. This may change in a future revision.
-Ksegments={-}increment,count
Example:
-KMYSEG=-0x2000,4If MYSEG is placed at 0x10000, this will create 4 duplicates placed at 0xE000, 0xC000, 0xA000 and 0x8000.
-Ksegments=increment,countDuplicate any raw data bytes from the segments `count' times, adding increment to the addresses each time. In order for this to be useful, the segments should likely be mentioned in a "-Z" segment placement option. The count can optionally be specified as '*', which means to duplicate the segments enough times to match the highest number of banks actually used in a bank segment placement option.
This can be used to make part of a PROM be non-banked even though the entire PROM is physically banked. Use "-b" or "-P" to place the banked segments into the rest of the PROM.
Example:
-KRCODE0,RCODE1=20000,4Duplicate the contents of the RCODE0 and RCODE1 segments 4 times, using addresses 0x20000 higher each time. This will place 5 copies of each of the bytes from the segments into the output file, at the addresses x, x+0x20000, x+0x40000, x+0x60000 and x+0x80000.
A new option "-P" is available, as a complement to "-Z" (segment definition) and "-b" (banked segment definition). It has the syntax:
-P[(type)]segments=start-end[,start-end]...
A segment part is the smallest linkable unit. Prior to UBROF 7 each module could have at most one segment part for a particular segment. Beginning with UBROF 7 a module can make several separate contributions to a segment.
Attempting to get the start and end (using the SFB/SFE assembler operators) of a segment that has been split and reformed will not work.
When doing sequential segment placement (-Z), it is now possible to specify that the segment or segments may be placed non-contiguously. Normally, when doing sequential segment placement, each segment is placed in its entirety into one of the address ranges specified, but when SPLIT- is specified, each segment part is placed separately, in sequence, allowing a segment to straddle one or more gaps between address ranges.
Example: -Z(SPLIT-CONST)DATA_Z=4000-7FFF,8000-BFFF
Assume that at the moment of placement, addresses 4000-7003 have been reserved for other purposes. If the DATA_Z segment consists of 100 segment parts, each 50 bytes long, the entire DATA_ID segment does not fit into the the range 7004-7FFF, which would, if SPLIT- was not specified, cause XLINK to place the segment starting at address 8000. As SPLIT- is specified, the first 81 segment parts would be placed sequentially from address 7004, and the remaining 19 from address 8000.
This is relatively rarely useful. The only case where this kind of placement is better than packed placement (-P) is when the start and end of the segment are significant, like when the entire segment needs to be zeroed at program startup, and individual segment parts cannot be placed at arbitrary addresses (in the example above, no segment part can straddle the address 8000).
The result of SPLIT- is similar to the effect of using sequential segment placement with one of the far segment types (FARCODE, FARCONST, FARDATA). There are two differences: 1) Using a far segment type implicitly divides the address ranges given into 64K byte sections (similarly to what would happen if the range had been written [start-end]/10000). 2) SPLIT- can be used with any address space, while a far segment type can only be used with the address spaces denoted by the segment types CODE, CONST and DATA.
Segments can now be placed relative to relocation areas. See Relocation areas (-V) for details on relocation areas.
Segment placement is now both more convenient and more powerful while preserving compatibility with the old scheme. In the new scheme, -Z (sequential placement) and -P (packed placement) are the recommended segment placement command line options. -b (banked placement) is now deprecated, though it will likely stay around for a long time for compatibility reasons. -P now supports the functionality of -b in a more convenient and powerful fashion.
Previously, the memory ranges given to segment placement options basically had to be disjunct, since each placement option would place segment in isolation from all other placement options (with the exception of bit memory placement).
In the new scheme, all -Z and -P commands are considered in the order in which they were given, taking into account any memory occupied by previously placed segments, including segment duplication and anything placed at absolute addresses by the input files.
This makes it possible to place segments with less rigorous requirements in what is left over from placing segments with more strict requirements. For example, if we have two segments (Z1, Z2) that must be placed in the zero page (0-FF) and three (A1, A2, A3) that can be placed anywhere in available RAM (0-1FFF), we can now place them like this:
-Z(DATA)Z1,Z2=0-FF -Z(DATA)A1,A2,A3=0-1FFFThis will place Z1 and Z2 from 0 up, giving an error if they do not fit into the range given, and then place A1, A2 and A3 from the first address not used by Z1 and Z2.
-P differs from -Z in that it does not necessarily place the segments (or segment parts) sequentially. See above for more information about -P. With -P it is possible to put segment parts into holes left by earlier placements.
Use -Z when you need to keep a segment in one consecutive chunk, when you need to preserve the order of segment parts in a segment, or, more unlikely, when you need to put segments in a specific order. There can be several reasons to do this, but most of them are fairly obscure. The most important is to keep variables and their initializers in the same order and in one block. Beginning with UBROF 7 the segments used for this have attributes that direct the linker to do the right thing, so -Z is no longer needed for these segments.
Use -P when you need to put things into several ranges, for instance when doing banking.
Bit segments are always placed first, regardless of where their placement commands are given.
Placement into far memory (FAR, FARCODE, FARCONST segment types) is the odd man out. In the old scheme, -Z placed segment parts consecutively, moving a segment part past a 64K boundary if needed. In the new scheme, -Z places the segments that fit entirely into the first page and range sequentially, and then places the rest using a special variant of sequential placement that can move an individual segment part into the next range if it did not fit. This means, as before, that far segments can be split into several memory ranges, but it is guaranteed that a far segment has a well-defined start and end.
There is a new modifier to the -Z segment placement command line option. -Z@ will give the old segment placement behavior of placing segments without taking into account any other use of the address ranges given. This is basically only useful if you actually want to get segment overlap.
Ranges can now be defined using the syntax [start:+size]
, as well as [start-end]
Thus, [1000:+1000] is the same as [1000-1FFF]
and
[1000:+1000]*3+2000 is the same as
1000-1FFF,3000-3FFF,5000-5FFF
The syntax for address ranges in the -Z and -P segment placement command line options has been extended to make it more convenient to specify repeating ranges.
[SSS-EEE]*NNN+XXX
[1000-1FFF]*3+2000is the same as
1000-1FFF,3000-3FFF,5000-5FFFand
[1000-1FFF]*3is the same as
1000-1FFF,2000-2FFF,3000-3FFF
[SSS-EEE]/PPPThis is the entire range SSS-EEE, split into pages of size and alignment PPP. For example:
[50-77F]/200is the same as
50-1FF,200-3FF,400-5FF,600-77FNote that the start and end of the range do not have to coincide with a page boundary.
All numbers in segment placement command line options are interpreted as hexadecimal unless preceded by a '.'. That is, the numbers written as "10" and by ".16" both mean the number sixteen.
Linking now takes place in two steps. XLINK first does module level linking and then segment part level linking.
Compilers/assemblers producing UBROF 7 or later can put individual functions/variables into separate segment parts, and can represent all dependencies between segment parts in the object file. This enables XLINK to exclude unneeded functions/variables from a build. Object files in UBROF 6 or earlier cannot represent this information and thus do not take advantage of the new feature.
Module level linking starts by including all PROGRAM modules. Then enough LIBRARY modules are included so as to satisfy all external symbol references, if possible. When more than one LIBRARY module exports a certain symbol, preference is given to the module that is specified first on the command line.
Segment part level linking then starts by including all ROOT segment parts in included modules, and then adds enough other segment parts to satisfy all dependencies. Dependencies are either references to external symbols defined in other modules or intra-module segment part references. ROOT segment parts are normally the root of the C runtime boot process and any interrupt vector elements.
The available format variant modifiers for ELF/DWARF are:
-ya Format suitable for debuggers from ARM Ltd (also sets -p flag)
-yc Use address_class attributes for pointer types
-yf Suppress DWARF Call Frame Information
-ym Output types in each compilation unit, instead of once for all
-yn Suppress DWARF debug output
-yp Multiple Elf program sections
-ys Ref_addr (global refs) use .debug_info (not file) offsets
-yv Use variant use_location semantics for member pointers
-yr Produce a relocatable executable ELF file
To be able to produce relocatable executable files you need a compiler that supports relocation (consult your manual if you are not sure of this) and a 4.55B or higher version of XLINK.
To be able to use relocatable output you also need an ELF-reader capable of reading relocatable ELF files and place them in memory.
-yx Strip source file paths, leaving only the file name and extension
As of version 4.51K of XLINK, ELF/DWARF format output includes module local symbols. The command line option -n can be used to suppress module local symbols in any output format.
ARM Any ELF/DWARF debugger -yas M32C Mitsubishi KD30 -yspc M16C Mitsubishi PD30 -yspc
XLINK output conforms to ELF as described in "Executable and Linkable Format (ELF)", and DWARF version 2, as described in "DWARF Debugging Information Format" revision 2.0.0 (July 27, 1993), both part of the Tools Interface Standard Portable Formats Specification, Version 1.1.
The ELF format is currently supported for the 6811, 6812, 6816, Arm, M16C, MC80, M32C, SH and v850 target processors.
Addresses in command line options can now use symbolic values defined in earlier "-D" command line options. If the symbol can be confused with a (hexadecimal) number it must be enclosed in quote ("'") characters. Example:
-Dfoo=1000 -Dfee=1FFF -Z(CODE)CODE=foo-'fee'The last line is equivalent to:
-Z(CODE)CODE=1000-1FFF
Addresses in command line options can now be given as expressions. Expressions must be enclosed in parentheses. Available operators are binary "*", "/", "%", "+", "-", "<<", ">>", "&", "^" and "|", with the same priorities as in C. Parentheses can be used for sub-expressions. Example:
-Dfoo=1000 -Dlen=1000 -Z(CODE)CODE=foo-(foo+len-1)The last line is equivalent to:
-Z(CODE)CODE=1000-1FFF
UBROF, Universal Binary Relocatable Object Format, is an object format used by IAR's tools for both relocatable (into the linker) and absolute (out of the linker) object files.
UBROF has evolved through a number of revisions. The latest version of UBROF is UBROF 9.
1986 UBROF 3 Assembler level linking. First release of this XLINK. 1988 UBROF 4 Adds C information - types, source info, etc. 1992 UBROF 5 Adds support for expanded set of IAR keywords. 1997 UBROF 6 Source references. More compact representation for files with many modules. Also adds detailed version info. 1998 UBROF 7 Further expanded type system for new generation of compilers. 1999 UBROF 8 Adds support for Embedded C++. 2001 UBROF 9 Adds support for call frame information. Enhanced statement information. Some improvements in variable information. UBROF 9.0 was a temporary release and has been superseded by UBROF 9.1. 2002 UBROF 10 Support for C++ templates No limit on the number of segments in a module No limit on the number of externals in a module No limit on the number of types in a program
XLINK reads all UBROF versions from UBROF 3 onwards, and can output all UBROF versions from UBROF 5 onwards. There is also support for outputting something called "Old UBROF" which is an early version of UBROF 5, close to UBROF 4.
Normally XLINK outputs the same version of UBROF as used in its input files. More exactly, it uses the latest version found in the input files. If you have a debugger that does not support this version of UBROF, XLINK can be directed to use another version. This is done by using one of the command line options
-Fubrof5 -Fubrof6 -Fubrof7 -Fubrof8 -Fubrof9 -Fubrof10Old UBROF can be selected by using -Fdebug and the format variant option "-Y#".
For IAR's debugger, C-SPY, this is not a problem, which means that the command line option -r, which apart from specifying UBROF output also selects C-SPY specific library modules from the IAR standard library, always uses the same UBROF version as found in the inputs.
When XLINK outputs a version of UBROF that is earlier than the one used in its inputs there is almost always some form of debug information loss, though this can be minor if the input files do not make critical use of new features in the newer version of UBROF.
This debug information loss can consist of some of the following items. For each version this list contains information that cannot be represented, or not fully represented, in earlier versions of UBROF.
UBROF 5 Up to 16 memory keywords resulting in different pointer types and different function calling conventions. UBROF 6 Source in header files. Assembler source debug. UBROF 7 Support for up to 255 memory keywords. Support for target type and object attributes. Enum constants connected to enum types. Arrays with more than 65535 elements. Anonymous structs/unions. Slightly more expressive variable tracking info. UBROF 8 Embedded C++ object names. Added base types. Typedefs used in the actual types. Embedded C++ types: references and pointers to members. Class members. Target defined base types. UBROF 9 Call frame information. Function call step points. Inlined function instances. UBROF10 Templates.In each case, XLINK attempts to convert the information to something that is representable in an earlier version of UBROF, but this conversion is, by necessity, incomplete and can cause inconsistencies. In many cases, though, notably when not much use is made of the new features, the conversion will result in something that is almost indistinguishable from the original as far as debugging is concerned.
XLINK can now do logical to physical address translation on output for some output formats. Logical addresses are the addresses as seen by the program, and these are the addresses used in all other XLINK command line options. Normally these addresses are also used in the output object files, but by using a new command line option, "-M", a mapping from the logical addresses to physical addresses, as used in the output object file can be established.
The syntax of the -M command line option is:
-M[(segment_type)]logical_ranges=physical_ranges
Each occurrence of -M defines a linear mapping from a list of logical address ranges to a list of physical address ranges, in the order given, byte by byte. For example:
-M0-FF,200-3FF=1000-11FF,1400-14FFwill define a mapping
logical addresses 000-0FF map to physical addresses 1000-10FF " " 200-2FF " " " 1100-11FF " " 300-3FF " " " 1400-14FFSeveral -M command line options can be given to establish a more complex mapping.
Address Translation can be useful in banked systems. Assume a code bank at address 0x8000 of size 0x4000, replicated 4 times, occupying a single physical ROM. If we want all the banks using physically contiguous addresses in the output file, we can use:
-P(CODE)BANKED=[8000-BFFF]*4+10000 // Place banked code -M(CODE)[8000-BFFF]*4+10000=10000 // Single ROM at 0x10000This means that the new segment placement commands (-P, -Z) can now replace all uses of the old banked segment placement command (-b). The last significant remaining feature of -b to support was the limited address translation provided by -b@ and -b#. Address translation is a more general and more powerful replacement.
Address translation only works for some output formats, primarily the simple formats with no debug information. This is the current list of supported output formats:
aomf80196 aomf8051 aomf8096 ashling ashling-6301 ashling-64180 ashling-6801 ashling-8080 ashling-8085 ashling-z80 extended-tekhex hp-code intel-extended intel-standard millenium motorola mpds-code mpds-symb pentica-a pentica-b pentica-c pentica-d rca symbolic ti7000 typed zax
XLINK currently supports COFF output for the PIC target processor, tailored to work with the MPLAB debugger. MPLAB needs both an intel-hex file and a COD file. To convert the file from COFF to COD use the MP2COD program supplied in the Microchip MPLAB distribution.
The way to use COFF output for Microchip MPLAB is to use the option -Fcoff to set the primary output format, and then add the option -Ointel-standard=.hex (or intel-extended) to the linker file to generate both formats at the same time.
The ICCPIC linker files has the -O option added to produce intel-hex files by default.
XLINK does not support debug info for include files, and for assembler files with multiple modules, may generate multiple instances of the source files in the absolute listing file produced by MP2COD.
XLINK also generates a varying number of dummy files that will generate a warning from MP2COD that it cannot find the file specified. All these files have names beginning with $$. The warnings can safely be ignored.
XLINK can now do automatic setup for copy initialization of segments (scatter loading). The new command line option -Q uses the following syntax:
-Qsegment=initializer_segment
This is very similar to what compilers do for initialized variables and is primarily intended to be used for code that needs to be in RAM memory.
The segment `initializer_segment' must be placed like any other segment using the segment placement commands.
Here's an example. Assume that the code in the segment RAMCODE should be executed in RAM. Scatter loading can be used to make the linker transfer the contents of segment RAMCODE (which will be in RAM) into the (new) segment ROMCODE (which will be in ROM), like this:
-QRAMCODE=ROMCODEThen RAMCODE and ROMCODE need to be placed, using the usual segment placement commands. RAMCODE needs to be placed in the relevant part of RAM, and ROMCODE in ROM. Something like this:
-Z(DATA)RAM segments,RAMCODE,Other RAM segments=0-1FFF -Z(CODE)ROM segments,ROMCODE,Other ROM segments=4000-7FFFThis will reserve room for the code in RAMCODE somewhere between address 0 and address 0x1FFF, the exact address depending on the size of other segments placed before it. Similarly, ROMCODE (which now contains all the original contents of RAMCODE) will be placed somewhere between 0x4000 and 0x7FFF, depending on the other stuff being placed into ROM.
At some time before executing the first code in RAMCODE, the contents of ROMCODE will need to be copied into it. This can be done as part of the startup code (in CSTARTUP) or in some other part of the code.
Example:
The example below is not intended as a guide on how to write code that is copied from ROM to RAM, but as an example on how it can be done without using the assembler. The only thing that needs to be added to this example is the -Q command and the placement commands for the segments RAMCODE and ROMCODE.
/* include memcpy */ #include <string.h> /* declare that there exists 2 segments, RAMCODE and ROMCODE */ #pragma segment="RAMCODE" #pragma segment="ROMCODE" /* place the next function in RAMCODE */ #pragma location="RAMCODE" /* this function is placed in RAMCODE, it does nothing useful, it's just an example of an function copied from ROM to RAM */ int adder(int a, int b) { return a + b; } /* enable IAR extensions, this is necessary to get __sfb and __sfe, it is of course possible to write this function in assembler instead */ #pragma language=extended void init_ram_code() { void * ram_start = __sfb("RAMCODE"); /* start of RAMCODE */ void * ram_end = __sfe("RAMCODE"); /* end of RAMCODE */ void * rom_start = __sfb("ROMCODE"); /* start of ROMCODE */ /* compute the number of bytes to copy */ unsigned long size = (unsigned long)(ram_end) - (unsigned long)(ram_start); /* copy the contents of ROMCODE to RAMCODE */ memcpy( ram_start, rom_start, size ); } /* restore the previous mode */ #pragma language=default int main() { /* copy ROMCODE to RAMCODE, this needs to be done before anything in RAMCODE is called or referred to */ init_ram_code(); /* call the function in RAMCODE */ return adder( 4, 5 ); }
As the severity of diagnostic messages can now be changed, the identity of a particular diagnostic now includes its original severity as well as its number. That is, diagnostic messages will typically be output as:
Warning[w6]: Type conflict for external/entry ... Error[e1]: Undefined external ...
The -w option can now, in addition to its other uses, be used to change the severity of particular diagnostic messages using the following syntax:
-w<ID>[=<severity>]
<severity> is one of 'i, 'w' or 'e'. If omitted it defaults to 'i'.
i Ignore this diagnostic. No diagnostic output. w Emit a warning for this diagnostic. e Emit an error for this diagnostic.-w can be used several times in order to change the severity of more than one diagnostic.
Fatal errors are not affected by this option.
Some examples:
-w26 Turn off warning 26 -ww26 " -ww26=i " -we106=w Make error 106 be a warning
-Oformat[,variant][=filename]
Any number of -O command line options can be specified. Each will result in one output file using the format format, possibly with the variant variant (as if specified in a -Y or -y command line option). If no filename is given, the output file will get the same name as some other output file, or the name given in a -o command line option, with the default extension for the format. If the filename starts with a '.', it is assumed to be an extension, and the file gets the same name as if no name was given, only with the specified extension.
Example:
-Odebug=foo -Omotorola=.s19 -Ointel-extended,1=abs.x
This will result in one output file named foo.dbg, using the UBROF format, one named foo.s19, using the MOTOROLA format, and one named abs.x, using the INTEL-EXTENDED format as if -Y1 was also given.
Output files produced by using -O will be in addition to those produced from use of the -F/-o/-y command line options. This means that until support for the new feature is added to the Embedded Workbench, extra output files can be added to the linker command file.
As before, if -r is specified, only one output file is generated, using the UBROF format and selecting special runtime library modules for C-SPY.
Output in the simple ROM output formats (intel-standard, intel-extended, motorola, motorola-s19, motorola-s28, motorola-s37, millenium, ti7000, rca, tektronix, extended-tekhex, hp-code and mpds-code) can now be restricted to include only bytes from a single address space by prefixing a format variant modifier with a segment type specifying the desired address space, in parentheses. This is particularly useful when used in combination with the multiple output files feature (-O).
Example:
-Ointel-extended,(CODE)=file1 -Ointel-extended,(DATA)=file2
This will result in two output files, both using the INTEL-EXTENDED output format. The first (named file1) will contain only bytes in the address space used for the CODE segment type, while the second (named file2) will contain only bytes in the address space used for the DATA segment type. If these address spaces are not the same, the content of the two files will be different.
Relocation areas are a way to partition the set of segments in such a way that a loader can place them in different parts of memory. Each relocation area has a start address that is assigned a value at load time.
Normally, when not producing relocatable output, XLINK assigns addresses to all symbols and segment parts. When producing relocatable output, each symbol and segment part can instead be assigned an offset from the start of a Relocation Area. This is then turned into a regular address at load time, when the loader determines the location of each Relocation Area. Relocation areas are created using:
-V(segment type)Relocation Area name[,align]
Align is the minimum power of two alignment of the Relocation Area. For instance, a value of 2 means that the Relocation Area will always be placed at an address that is an even multiple of 4 bytes. This value must at the very least be as high as that of any segment that will be placed into the Relocation Area.
Relocation areas can be used instead of segment types in segment placement commands (-Z, -P).
Mixing segment placement using Relocation areas with segment placement using segment types will result in an executable file where parts are relocatable, and parts are absolute. This is likely to not be very useful.
An example:
// Declare three Relocation areas for code, constants and data.
-V(CODE)CODE_AREA,12
-V(CONST)CONST_AREA,12
-V(DATA)DATA_AREA,12
// Place segments into the Relocation areas
-Z(CODE_AREA)RCODE,CODE=0-FFFFFF
-Z(CONST_AREA)DATA_C,DATA_ID=0-FFFFFF
-Z(DATA_AREA)DATA_Z,DATA_I=0-FFFFFF
Starting with version 4.55D XLINK presents range errors (error 18) in a new way.
Error[e18]: Range error, ARM branch target is out of range Where $ = vectorSubtraction + 0xC [0x804C] in module "vectorRoutines" (vectorRoutines.r79), offset 0xC in segment part 5, segment NEARFUNC_A What: vectorNormalization - ($ + 8) [0x866B3FC] Allowed range: 0xFDFFFFFC - 0x2000000 Operand: vectorNormalization [0x8673450] in module VectorNorm (vectorNormalization.r79), Offset 0x0 in segment part 0, segment NEARFUNC_V
The instruction is in the module vectorRoutines in the object file vectorRoutines.r79. Another way to express the address at which the instruction is located is as 0xC bytes into segment part 5 of segment NEARFUNC_A of the vectorRoutines module. This can be helpful in locating the instruction in the rare cases when no label can be supplied.
Possible solutions include:
It is also possible that the referring function tried to refer to the wrong target and that this triggered the range error.
Different range errors have different solutions, usually the solution is a variant of the ones presented above.
Each -U command line option declares that the memory given by the ranges on the left side of the '=' sign is the same memory as that given by the ranges on the right side. This has the effect that, during segment placement, anything occupying some part of either memory will be considered to reserve the corresponding part of the other memory as well.
The optional (segment type) that can be included on each side of the '=' sign can be used to specify the address space for architectures with multiple address spaces.
Example (assuming an architecture with separate code and address spaces and where the CODE segment type corresponds to the code address space and the DATA segment type to the data address space):
-U(CODE)4000-5FFF=(DATA)11000-12FFF -P(CODE)MYCODE=4000-5FFF -P(DATA)MYCONST=11000-12FFF
The first line declares that the memory at 4000-5FFF in the code address space are also mapped at 11000-12FFF in the data address space.
The second line places the MYCODE segment into the memory at 4000-5FFF in the code address space. The corresponding bytes in the data address space will also be reserved. If MYCODE occupies the addresses 4000-473F, the range 11000-1173F in the data address space will also be reserved.
The third line will place the MYCONST segment into what ever parts of the 11000-12FFF memory range are not reserved. In this case it will behave as if it were written: "-P(DATA)MYCONST=11740-12FFF".
-U is not transitive. That is, overlapping address space sharing command line options will not be distributed correctly to all involved address ranges. For example:
-U(CODE)1000-1FFF=(DATA)20000-20FFF -U(DATA)20000-20FFF=(CONST)30000-30FFFIf some bytes are placed in CODE at address 1000, the corresponding bytes in DATA will be reserved, but not the ones in CONST. The work-around is to specify the third ("missing") address space sharing:
-U(CODE)1000-1FFF=(CONST)30000-30FFF
MISRA C
The implementation of the MISRA C rules does not affect code generation, and has no significant effect on the performance of IAR Embedded Workbench. The rules apply to the source code of the applications that you write and not to the code generated by the compiler. The compiler and linker only generate error messages, they do not actually prevent you from breaking the rules you are checking for.
Please consult IAR Embedded Workbench MISRA C document (supplied with IAR compilers that support MISRA C) for more information about the implementation of MISRA C in IAR's tools.
--misrac_verbose --misrac[=arg,arg,...]--misrac_verbose turns on verbose output, this includes which rules that are checked
--misrac turns on individual rules. Note that only 4 of the rules are checked in XLINK.
Examples:
--misrac=4,8,12 Turn on MISRA C rules 4, 8 and 12 --misrac=27,12-23,9 Turn on MISRA C rules 9, 27 and all rules between 12 and 23 --misrac=all Turn on all MISRA C rules --misrac=required Turn on the required MISRA C rules, in XLINK this is rule 11, 25 and 26When a rule is violated, XLINK generates an error. This can be changed by using the usual diagnostics control mechanism.
156 Negative addresses are not allowed. The range declaration used in range description is illegal as range start is negative. Check the range specification for superflous parentheses, (START-END) is an expression, not a range, START-END is a range. The range declaration has a negative start value, this is not allowed. Check the range specification for superflous parentheses and check that the value of START and END are valid and that START <= END.
154 The increment argument to -K for the segment segment resulted in an invalid (negative or above 0xFFFFFFFF) address. The duplication command for segment results in at least one duplicated segment that has an address below 0 or above 0xFFFFFFFF. You need to modify the -K command (the increment or the number of duplications) or move the segment to another address, to prevent this from happening.
153 The input file 'file' has several forced properties which are mutually exclusive The input file has both the conditional and forced load properties, locate the -A and -C options and remove the file from one of them. 152 The input file 'file' could not be found The input file could not be found, check the include path. 151 Internal consistency check failure, "error description" An internal consistency check failed, this is to be considered an internal error but it is possible to force XLINK to generate output using -B. 150 The stack depth for the call tree with root root is too large, number bytes The call tree uses more than the allowed number of stack bytes. Either increase the maximum allowed call depth, or decrease the depth of the call tree. The following 4 errors, 146-149, are MISRA C errors. 149 The symbol "symbol" in module module (file) is public but is only needed by code in the same module - all declarations at file scope should be static where possible (MISRA C rule 23) 148 The names "name" and "name" differ only in characters beyond position 31 - identifiers (internal and external) shall not rely on significance of more than 31 characters (MISRA C rule 11) 147 External "external" is declared in "file" and in "file" - external objects should not be declared in more than one file " "(MISRA C rule 27) 146 Type conflict for external/entry "entry", in module module against external/entry entry in module module - if objects or functions are declared more than once, they shall have compatible declarations (MISRA C rule 26)
20 Corrupt file. External index out of range in module module(file) The object file is corrupt. Contact IAR Systems.
145 The banked segment segment contains segment parts that have properties that are unsafe when placed with -b (banked segment placement). Use -P (packed segment placement) instead. The segment contains at least one segment part that has a property that XLINK might be unable to honor when the segment is placed with -b. XLINK will be able to honor this property when -P is used so use that instead.
144 The conditional reference at offset offset in segment segment could not use its definition of last resort, the entry in segment segment. In order for XLINK to be able to optimize the use of relay functions, each module must supply relay functions that can be used by every call site in that module. This error occurs when that precondition is not met. The distance between the reference and the definition may be too large, or the definition might be unsuitable because it is in the wrong processor mode, or for some other reason. If this occurs for a module produced by a compiler (as opposed to in assembler code), this is an indication of a problem in either the compiler or the linker. To test if the problem is in the linker, try linking with Relay Function Optimization disabled (-q).
143 There is more than one PUBWEAK definition in the segment part "segment part description". PUBWEAK definitions must be perfectly interchangeable. Segment parts with multiple PUBWEAK definitions cannot not always be interchanged with other definitions of the same symbols.
142 Entries included in PUBWEAK/PUBLIC resolution must be in a named segment (RSEG or ASEGN). Discovered when resolving the PUBWEAK entry in module `module` against the PUBLIC entry in module `module`. All symbols involved the PUBWEAK/PUBLIC resolution must be placed in either RSEG or ASEGN segments. Locate the assembler code that defines the involved symbol in an absolute segment (ASEG) and replace it with a ASEGN segment definition. Consult your assembler manual for the details on ASEG and ASEGN.
105 Recursion not allowed for this system. One recursive function is function. The runtime model used does not support recursion. Each function determined by the linker to be recursive is marked as such in the module map part of the linker list file.
141 The SPLIT- keyword in the packed segment placement command placement command is illegal, SPLIT- is only allowed in sequential placement commands (-Z). Only sequential placement commands can use SPLIT. Either use -Z or remove the SPLIT- keyword.
140 The range declaration used in range declaration is illegal since start > end. A range must have a positive size so the end must not be lesser than the start. 139 Module module ( file ) uses relocations ( relocation ) in ways that are not supported by the format output format. The object file contains a relocation that cannot be represented in this output format. This can be the result of assembly code using an instruction format not supported by the relocation directives in this output format. 138 Module module ( file ) contains operations that cannot be used with relocation areas: error text Somewhere in the module an address (relocation area + offset) is used as if it were an absolute address. That is not always an error since relocation areas usually are aligned meaning that parts of address might be ok to use. Is the module compiled/assembled with a modern compiler/assembler that has support for relocatable output (consult your manual if you are not sure)? Old compilers/assemblers perform checks in ways that might trigger this error (relocatable output will not work with old compilers). Is the alignment of your relocation area large enough? Relocation areas are created using the -V option, see Relocation areas (-V) for details. Does the module contain handwritten assembly code? If so, it is fairly probable that it uses some strange expression that causes this error. If the module was compiled with a modern compiler, your relocation areas has a sufficient alignment and you get this message, contact IAR Support. 137 Duplicate relocation area: relocArea1 relocarea2 A relocation area was defined twice. Each relocation area needs a unique identifier. 136 The output format 'format' does not support the use of relocation areas (-V option). Did you forget a format modifier flag? This output format does not support relocatable output. Either some format modifier flag (-y option) was not specified or the output format has no support for relocatable output. 135 A module in the file file has an empty module name, which is not supported in the format output format. This output format is unable to handle empty module names, avoid this error by giving the module a name when you compile the source file. 134 The left and right address ranges do not cover the same number of bytes: range1 range2 The left and right address ranges of this command line option need to cover exactly the same number of bytes.
133 The output format format cannot handle multiple address spaces. Use format variants (-y -O) to specify which address space is wanted The output format used has no way to specify an address space. The format variant modifier used can be prefixed with a segment type to restrict output only to the corresponding address space. For example, "-Fmotorola -y(CODE)" will restrict output to bytes from the address space used for the CODE segment type. See the section on multiple output files for more information. 132 Module module ( file ) uses UBROF version 9.0. This version of UBROF was temporary and is no longer supported by XLINK Support for UBROF 9.0.0 has been dropped from XLINK starting with XLINK 4.53A.
131 Far segment type illegal in packed placement command: "command". Use explicit address intervals instead. For example: [20000-4FFFF]/10000 Using a far segment type (FARCODE, FARDATA, FARCONST) is illegal in packed placement (-P). 130 Segment placement needs an address range: "command" The first segment placement command (-Z -P) must have an address range.
128 Segments cannot be mentioned more than once in a copy init command: "-Qargs" Each segment can only be either the source or the target of a copy init command. 127 Segment placement command "command" provides no address range, but the last address range(s) given are not of the proper kind (bit addresses versus byte addresses). This error will occur if something like this is entered: -Z(DATA)SEG=1000-1FFF -Z(BIT)BITVARS= Note that the first uses byte addresses and the second needs bit addresses. To avoid this, provide address ranges for both.
126 Runtime Model Attribute "__cpu" not found. Please enter at least one line in your assembly code that contains the following statement: RTMODEL "__cpu","16C61". Replace 16C61 with your chosen CPU. The CPU must be in uppercase. The "__cpu" runtime model attribute is needed when producing COFF output. The compiler always supplies this attribute, so this error can only occur for programs consisting entirely of assembler modules. At least one of the assembler modules must supply this attribute.
124 Segment conflict for segment segment. In module "mod1" there is a segment part that is of type type1, while in module "mod2" there is a segment part that is of type type2 All segment parts for a given segment must be of the same type. One reason for this conflict can be that a COMMON segment is mistakenly declared RSEG (relocatable) in one module. Another way this can happen is if COMMON and RELOCATABLE segments are given in the same -P segment placement command. 123 The output format format does not support address translation (-M, -b# or -b@) Address translation is not supported for all output formats. 122 The address address is too large to be represented in the output format format The chosen output format format cannot represent the address address. For example, the output format INTEL-STANDARD can only represent addresses in the range 0-FFFF. 121 Segment part or absolute content at logical addresses start - end would be translated into more than one physical address range The current implementation of address translation does not allow logical addresses from one segment part (or the corresponding range for absolute parts from assembler code) to end up in more than one physical address range. If for example, -M0-1FFF=10000 and -M2000-2FFF=20000 are used, it is not ok for a single segment part to straddle the boundary at address 2000. 120 Overlapping address ranges for address translation. address type address address is in more than one range The address address (of type logical or physical) is the source or target of more than one address translation command. If, for example, both -M0-2FFF=1000 and -M2000-3FFF=8000 are given, this error may be given for any of the logical addresse in the range 2000-2FFF, for which two separate translation commands have been given. 119 Cannot handle C++ identifiers in this output format The output format chosen is one that does not support the use of C++ identifiers (block-scoped names or names of C++ functions).
118 Incompatible runtime models. Module module1 specifies that attribute must be value, but module module2 specifies no value for this attribute These modules cannot be linked together. They were compiled with settings that resulted in incompatible runtime models. 117 Incompatible runtime models. Module module1 specifies that attribute must be value1, but module module2 has the value value2 These modules cannot be linked together. They were compiled with settings that resulted in incompatible runtime models. 116 Definition of symbol in module module1 is not compatible with definition of symbol in module module2 The symbol symbol has been tentatively defined in one or both of the modules. Tentative definitions must match other definitions.
115 Unmatched '"' in extended command file or XLINK_ENVPAR When parsing an extended command file or the environment variable XLINK_ENVPAR, XLINK found an unmatched quote character ('"'). For filenames with quote characters you need to put a backslash before the quote character. For example, writing c:\iar\"A file called \"file\"" will cause XLINK to look for a file called A file called "file" in the c:\iar directory.
113 Corrupt input file: "symptom" in module module ( file ) The input file indicated appears to be corrupt. This can occur either because for some reason the file has been corrupted after it was created, or because of a problem in the compiler/assembler used to create it. If the latter appears to be the case, please contact IAR.
112 The module module is for an unknown cpu (tid = tid). Either the file is corrupt or you need a later version of XLINK The version of XLINK used has no knowledge of the cpu that the file was compiled/assembled for.
111 The file "file" is not a UBROF file The contents of the file are not in a format that XLINK can read. 110 Function function mentioned as caller in -a# does not make indirect calls Only functions that actually make indirect calls can be specified to do so in an indirect call option. 109 Function function mentioned as callee in -a# is not indirectly called Only functions that actually can be called indirectly can be specified to do so in an indirect call option. 108 Cannot find function function mentioned in -a# All the functions specified in an indirect call option must exist in the linked program. 107 Banked segments do not fit into the number of banks specified The linker did not manage to fit all of the contents of the banked segments into the banks given.
106 Syntax error or bad argument in option There was an error when parsing the command line argument given.
105 Recursion not allowed for this system. Check module map for recursive functions The runtime model used does not support recursion. Each function determined by the linker to be recursive is marked as such in the module map part of the linker list file.
104 Failed to fit all segments into specified ranges. Problem discovered in segment seg The packing algorithm used in the linker didn't manage to fit all the segments. Consider making smaller segment parts (moving things into different input files), or decreasing the total size of the segments, to make the packing easier. 103 Ranges must be closed in option The '-P' option requires all memory ranges to have an end. 102 No such segment type: option The segment type given is not a valid one. 101 Segment already defined: "seg" in option The segment has already been mentioned in a segment definition option. 100 Segment name too long: "seg" in option The segment name exceeded the maximum length (255 characters). 99 Syntax error in segment definition: option There was a syntax error in the option. 98 Unmatched /* comment in extended command file No matching '*/' was found in the .xcl-file. 97 Unmatched -! comment in extended command line variable XLINK_ENVPAR As error 96, but for the environment variable XLINK_ENVPAR. 96 Unmatched -! comment in extended command file An odd number of '-!' (comment) options were seen in an .xcl-file. 95 Module mod ( file ) uses source file references, which are not available in UBROF 5 output This feature cannot be filtered out by the linker when producing UBROF 5 output. Use "-re" or "-ri" to the compiler to turn it off.
94 Unknown flag x in local symbols option -nx The character x is not a valid flag in the local symbols option. 93 Non-existant warning number no, (valid numbers are 0-max) An attempt to suppress a warning that does not exist gives this error. 92 Cannot use this format with this cpu Some formats need cpu-specific information and are only supported for some cpus. 88 Wrong library used ( compiler version or memory model mismatch ). Problem found in mod ( file ). Correct library tag is tag Code from this compiler needs a matching library. A library belonging to a later or earlier version of the compiler may have been used. 87 Function with F-index i has not been defined before tiny_func referenced in module mod ( file ) Check that all tiny functions are defined before they are used in a module. 86 The definition for far/farc segment name can't be downwards or have a range Segments in far memory cannot be allocated from higher addresses, nor can they have a range given in the segment option -Z. 85 The far/farc segment name in module mod ( file ), is larger than size The segment name is too large to be a far segment.
63 No debug information will be generated for the function "function" in the module "module" as no debug information could be found. This likely due to a rename entry operation in XLIB.
62 The struct "name" is too large for the 'format' format, debug information will only be available for the first maxium size bytes. The program contains a class/struct/union that is too large to represent in the chosen debug format. Debug information will be generated for as many bytes as the format can represent. 61 The 'format' output format is not supported for this cpu. Support for the chosen output format is experimental for this cpu. 60 The entry point label "label" was not found in any input file The image will not have an entry point. The chosen entry point label could not be found in any input file. Chose an entry point that exists in the program or make sure that that the file that contains the entry pointed is included in the input files.
59 Too many COFF format line number records (number) needed. All in excess of 65535 will not be accessible. There are too many line number records in one COFF section. This can cause a drastic loss of debugging usability if the number of records greatly exceeds 65535. One way to avoid this is to put code in more than one segment, as one COFF section is output for each segment. This problem is most likely to occur in the MPLAB debugger for the PIC processor, as one line number records is needed for each instruction in the code in that case. 58 The name "name" was too long (more than number characters) and has been truncated to fit the chosen output format. This warning is only issued once. Normally, this will not affect debugging to any great extend, but if two or more long names are truncated to the same 255-character string, a loss of debuggability may occur. The most common case where long names occur is when C++ names are flattened into simple strings, which occurs when translating into UBROF version 7 or older, or into other debug formats with a limit on symbol name length.
57 The file filename is empty and will be ignored. The file is completely empty (0 bytes). This is not a valid UBROF file but some IAR assemblers generate completely empty files instead of a valid UBROF file with no content. This file will be ignored. If this file is not generated by an IAR assembler you should find out why the file is empty.
56 A long filename may cause MPLAB to fail to display the source file: 'pathname' When outputting COFF output for the PIC and PIC18 processors on a Windows host the output file contains a reference to a source file that needs long filenames in order to work. MPLAB cannot handle long filenames. 55 No source level debug information will be generated for modules using the UBROF object format version 8 or earlier. One such module is module ( file ) When generating UBROF 9 output, essential debug information is not present in input files using UBROF 8 or earlier. For these files all debug information will be suppressed in the output file.
The warning about long filenames (warning 56) is warning 55 in XLINK 4.51S and XLINK 4.51T.
53 Some untranslated addresses overlap translation ranges. Example: Address addr1 (untranslated) conflicts with logical address addr2 (translated to addr1) This can be caused by something like this: -Z(CODE)SEG1=1000-1FFF -Z(CODE)SEG2=2000-2FFF -M(CODE)1000=2000 This will place SEG1 at logical address 1000 and SEG2 at logical address 2000. However, the translation of logical address 1000 to physical address 2000 and the absence of any translation for logical address 1000 will mean that in the output file, both SEG1 and SEG2 will appear at physical address 1000.
52 More than one definition for the byte at address address in common segment segment The most probable cause of this is that more than one module defines the same interrupt vector. 51 Some source reference debug info was lost when translating to UBROF 5 (example: statements in "function" in module module) UBROF 6 file references can handle source code in more than one source file for a module. This is not possible in UBROF 5 embedded source, so any references to files not included have been removed. 50 There was a problem when trying to embed the source file "source" in the object file This warning is given if the file source could not be found or if there was an error reading from it. XLINK searches for source files in the same places it searches for object files, so including the directory where the source file is located in the XLINK include directories ("-I" command line option) could solve the first problem.
49 Using SFB/SFE in module module ( file ) for segment segment, which has no included segment parts SFB/SFE (assembler directives for getting the start or end of a segment) has been used on a segment for which no segment parts were included. 48 Corrupt input file: "symptom" in module module ( file ) The input file indicated appears to be corrupt. This warning is used in preference to Error 113 when the problem is not serious, and is unlikely to cause trouble.
47 Range error in module module ( file ), segment segment at address address. Value value, in tag tag, is out of bounds bounds This replaces error 18 when -Rw is specified. 46 External function function in module module ( file ) has no global definition This replaces error 68. 45 Memory attribute info mismatch between modules module1 ( file1 ) and module2 ( file2 ) The UBROF 7 memory attribute information in the given modules is not the same.
44 C library routine localtime failed. Timestamps will be wrong XLINK is unable to determine the correct time. This primarily affects the dates in the list file. This problem has been observed on one host platform if the date is after the year 2038.
43 The function function in module module ( file ) is indirectly called but is not mentioned in the right part of any -a# declaration If any -a# indirect call options are given they must, taken together, specify the complete picture. 41 The function function in module module ( file ) makes indirect calls but is not mentioned in the left part of any -a# declaration If any -a# indirect call options are given they must, taken together, specify the complete picture. 40 The module module contains obsolete type information that will not be checked by the linker This kind of type information was replaced in 1988. 39 The function function in module module ( file ) does not appear to be called. No static overlay area will be allocated for its params and locals As far as XLINK can tell, there are no callers for the function, so no space is needed for its params and locals. To make XLINK allocate space anyway use -a(function). 38 There are indirect calls both from interrupts and from the main program. This can make the static overlay system unreliable. Using -ai will avoid this If a function is called from an interrupt while it is already running its params and locals will be overwritten. 37 More than one interrupt function makes indirect calls. This can make the static overlay system unreliable. Using -ai will avoid this If a function is called from an interrupt while it is already running its params and locals will be overwritten. 36 There are indirectly called functions doing indirect calls. This can make the static overlay system unreliable XLINK does not know what functions can call what functions in this case, which means that it cannot make sure static overlays are safe.
35 There is more than one definition for the struct/union type with tag tag Two or more different structure/union types with the same tag exist in the program. If these types were meant to be the same, it is likely that the declarations differ slightly. There will then also very likely be one or more warnings about type conflicts (warning 6). If they were not meant to be the same, consider turning off this warning. 34 The 20 bit segmented variant of the INTEL EXTENDED format cannot represent the addresses specified. Consider using -Y1 (32 bit linear addressing). The program uses addresses higher than 0xFFFFF, and the segmented variant of the chosen format cannot handle this. The linear addressing variant can handle full 32 bit addresses. 33 Using "-r" overrides format option. Using UBROF The "-r" option specifies UBROF format and C-SPY library modules. It overrides any "-F" (format) option 32 Format option set more than once. Using format format The format option can only be given once. The linker uses the format format.
31 Modules have been compiled with possibly incompatible settings: more info According to the contents of the modules, they are not compatible. 30 Module name is compiled for cpu1, expected cpu2 You are building an executable for cpu cpu2, but module name is compiled for cpu cpu1. 29 Parts of segment name are inited, even though it is of type type Initing DATA memory is not useful if the result of linking is to be promable. 28 Parts of segment name are inited, parts not This is not useful if the result of linking is to be promable. 27 No code at start address found in reset vector Failed in determining the LOCATION setting for XCOFF output format for the 78400 processor, because no code was found at the address specified in the reset vector. 26 No reset vector found Failed in determining the LOCATION setting for XCOFF output format for the 78400 processor, because no reset vector was found. 25 Using "-Y#" discards and distorts debug information. Use with care. If possible, find an updated debugger that can read modern UBROF Using the UBROF format modifier -Y# is not recommended. 24 num counts of 'warning' total For each warning of type 23 actually emitted, a summary is provided at the end. 23 limitation specific warning Due to some limitation in the chosen output format, or in the information available, XLINK cannot produce the correct output. Only one warning for each specific limitation is given.
--image_input=file,symbol,segment,alignment
The content of the file file is put into a segment part of the segment segment. The segment part defines the symbol symbol and has an alignment of alignment bytes.
The file's entire content is put into the segment so it can only contain pure binary data (like XLINK's new raw-binary output format).
The segment part is only included if symbol is referenced by the program, you can use the -g option (require symbols) to force a reference to the segment part.
Example:
--image_input=bootstrap.rXX,Bootstrap,CSTARTUPCODE,4The content of the pure binary file bootstrap.rXX is put into a segment part of the segment CSTARTUPCODE. The segment part will be 4-byte aligned and will only be included if the program (or the command line option -g) references the symbol Bootstrap.
-s symbolThe -s command line option adds a new way to specify the entry point for a program. If -s is used, the specified symbol will be used as the program entry point, and there must be a definition for the symbol in the program, or an Undefined External error (error 46) will be generated. This definition will also be included in the final link image.
-qWhen used with an ICCARM compiler version 4.10 or later, XLINK now performs Relay Function Optimization. Using -q will disable this optimization, retaining all used relay functions in the program. -q has no effect if there are no relay functions to optimize.
The module summary summarizes the contributions to the total memory use from each module. Each segment type that is used gets a separate column, with one or two sub-columns for relocatable (Rel) and absolute (Abs) contributions to memory use.
Only modules with non-zero contributions are listed. Contributions from COMMON segments in a module are listed on a separate line, with the title + common Contributions for segment parts defined in more than one module and used in more than one module are listed for the module whose definition was chosen, with the title + shared.
Module CODE DATA CONST ------ ---- ---- ----- (Rel) (Rel) (Rel) ?CSTARTUP 152 ?Fclose 308 ?Fflush 228 ?Fputc 156 ?Free 252 ?INITTAB 8 ?Malloc 348 8 ?Memcpy 36 ?Memset 28 ?Putchar 28 ?RESET + common 4 ?Xfiles 376 296 + shared 12 ?Xfwprep 284 ?Xgetmemchunk 96 1 ?_EXIT 72 ?__dbg_Break 4 ?__exit 28 ?close 36 ?cppinit 100 4 ?d__write 44 ?div_module 100 ?exit 20 ?heap 8 ?low_level_init 8 ?remove 36 ?segment_init 120 ?write 20 atutor 88 4 + shared 12 atutor2 364 40 ----- --- --- Total: 2 960 433 336
Absolute entries are no longer a part of the size total for each segment. Instead they are reported inside parentheses behind the total of the relocatable segment. An example might look like:
296 bytes of CODE memory (+ 2 absolute ) 768 bytes of DATA memory 24 bytes of CONST memory
-gsymbol1[,symbol2,symbol3,...]XLINK normally only include segment parts (usually functions and variables) that are needed to meet all references from segment parts that must be included. This option is a way to add to this set so that something is included even if it appears not to be needed.
Include suppressed entries in the linker list file (-xi)
-x{smeohi}When i is specified XLINK includes all segment parts in a linked in module in the linker list file, not just the segment parts that were included in the output. This makes it possible to determine exactly which entries that were not needed.
The INTEL-EXTENDED output format has been changed to use the 32-bit linear variant ("-Y1") by default on new targets. To get the 20-bit segmented variant for one of these targets use the format variant option "-Y0".
The map file now includes information about segment type for addresses. On many processors this is used to determine the address space of an address (ie CODE/DATA on Harvard architectures).
To make place for this, two uninteresting columns have been removed from the Segment Map table in the map file.
Obsolete Command Line Options
XLINK now ignores the command line options "-m" and "-t", if given. The new behavior is in essence as if "-m" was used, and "-t" was not used.
Extra Space in Segments
When using segment placement with extra space (eg CSTACK+100), the extra space is added only if there is at least one segment part actually included from this segment (ie, if the segment was actually needed for anything).
The command line option -R has gained a flag, "w". As before, specifying -R makes XLINK ignore range errors. Now, specifying -Rw makes XLINK treat range errors as warnings.
It is now possible to specify the number of banks in the bank segment placement option (-b). The syntax is now:
-b[addrtype][(type)]segments=first,length,incr[,count]where the optional count is a decimal count of the number of banks available.
The restriction on address ranges for far segments has been removed. It is now allowed to have an end address (or even several ranges) in a "-Z" segment placement command line option dealing with far (FAR, FARCONST or FARCODE) segments.
The meaning of a single address in a "-Z" option with downwards ("#") allocation has changed. It used to be that the address given was the first address not to be used. It is now considered to be the last address to be used. This is the same as when specifying a range.
Example:
-Z(CODE)CODE#5000This used to mean the same as
-Z(CODE)CODE#0-4FFFbut is now the same as
-Z(CODE)CODE#0-5000
A new command line option "-wt" has been added. When "-wt" is given the detailed type information output for warnings 6 (type conflict) and 35 (multiple structs with same tag) is suppressed.
A new command line option "-ws" has been added. It affects the return status of XLINK as follows:
Condition No -ws -ws --------- ------ --- No errors or warnings 0 0 Warnings, but no errors 0 1 One or more errors 2 2"-ws" thus only affects the return status when there is one or more warnings but no errors.
A new option "-L" is available. Its syntax is:
-Lprefix Generate a list on: <prefix> <dest> <.lst>A useful special case of this is to use "-L" with no arguments to get a list file in the current directory.
The -n option can now take a modifier 'c' to only suppress compiler generated module-local symbols. These are usually jump or constant labels, at best of fairly marginal interest, and even then only when debugging at assembly level. Example:
-nc